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Introduction  The Iranian Revolution of 1979, also known as the Islamic Revolution or Enqelāb-e Eslāmī in Persian, was a significant event in Iran’s political landscape, disorienting Reza Shah Pahlavi’s seemingly stable governance. The revolution was fuelled by large-scale protests and widespread mobilisation. Shah’s concession and repression schemes led to the dictatorship’s downfall on February 11, […]

Early Background and Introduction:  Iranian miniature art, dating back to pre-Islamic times, is a small-scale painting on paper used as book illustrations or individual artworks in albums called ‘Muraqqa’. It has been popular in the West due to its longevity and better-preserved condition. Persian art originated in Iran, spread to China, developed, and returned to

Continue from Part-1 III. Artistic Rebellion: Breaking Free from Conformity A. University Experience and Intellectual Freedom Stephen’s transition to university marks a pivotal phase in his artistic journey. He encounters diverse ideas and individuals, fostering an atmosphere of intellectual freedom. This stage parallels the artist’s exposure to a wider creative community, allowing them to engage

A controversial trend in Europe has drawn attention as activists shift their climate change tactics from traditional approaches like petition campaigns to more unorthodox methods, including attacking works of art in museums and galleries. While some view these actions as a legitimate form of protest to draw attention to climate issues, others criticise them as